Christie's sells a Chumash from 1400's for record price

The Chumash was sold for almost 4 million dollars, above the 2 million estimate. It is just like a Torah Scroll, but with vowelization, cantillation marks and Unkulus commentary on the side. Below you can read all the information:

Paris – The Department of Books and Manuscripts is pleased to announce the auction of an 

exceptional printed Torah (or Pentateuch: the first five books of the Bible) at their sale on 30 

April 2014. 

A major turning point in the history of printing in general and of Hebrew books in particular, 

this rare incunable, whose value is estimated at €1,000,000-1,500,000, will undoubtedly be the 

highlight of the sale. Printed in Hebrew in Bologna in January 1482, the volume represents the 

very first appearance in print of all five books of the Pentateuch as well as the first to which 

vocalisation and cantillation marks have been added. It is equally the first time that the printed 

Biblical text is accompanied by Rashi’s commentary and the paraphrase in Aramaic (Targum 

Onkelos). The significance of this edition is demonstrated by the fact that this format is still in use 

today when printing the Torah. 

Essential to reading and chanting the text of the Torah, the addition of vocalisation and 

cantillation marks represented a considerable challenge for 15th

 century printers. Abraham ben 

Hayyim of Pesaro was the first to overcome this technical difficulty during the printing of the 

present Pentateuch. Having overcome this first hurdle, he also had the talent and intelligence to 

frame the Biblical text with Rashi’s commentaries in order to facilitate the parallel study of the 

text. The majority of the copies were printed on vellum in accordance with the precepts of the 

Law. 

The back of the present copy bears the signature of three 16th

 and 17th century censors, testifying to its presence in an Italian library until at least the mid 17th

century: Luigi da Bologna in 1599, Camillo Jaghel in 1613 and Renato da Modena in 1626. The censors had the task of examining and checking all books, both manuscript and printed, in order to authorise or ban ownership and distribution of the work: the text of the Rashi commentary here bears the marks of their work, having been erased or crossed out in a number of places. 

Over the last hundred years only two copies of this rare edition have come to auction: the first in 

1970, printed on vellum and complete, the second in 1998, printed on paper and missing eight 

pages. The Pentateuch to be presented next April is printed on vellum, complete (apart from the 

rear free end paper) and in exceptionally fresh condition. 

Two years after the sensational price realised at Christie’s Paris for a manuscript Mahzor in May 

2012, which set a world record for an illuminated Hebrew manuscript, this is now the second 

occasion on which the Department of Books and Manuscripts has presented a Hebrew book of 

outstanding significance, considered by many to stand alongside the Gutenberg Bible as one of 

the monuments of the history of printing.